Overview
You could have genital warts and not even know it. Genital warts can take months or even years to manifest and sometimes only develop inside your body. Learn how to minimise your risk.
Each year nearly 20 million Americans will get a sexually transmitted infection. Before HPV vaccines, about 350,000 women and men had genital warts caused by HPV. One in 100 sexually active adults in the U.S. has genital warts.
In England, genital warts are the second most common STI after Chlamydia.
What are Genital Warts?
Genital warts are soft growths, bumps or skin changes that grow in the genital region. A single bump or skin change can indicate an early stage genital warts. They are often seen in small groups and may resemble cauliflower. While often growing in small clumps, genital warts can also be a single bump. They can also only grow inside the body. Genital warts are considered a sexually transmitted infection (STI) as they are caused by the Human papillomavirus (HPV). In addition to causing genital warts, HPV is found in about 99% of cervical cancers. There are over one hundred different types of HPV, most of which are considered low-risk and do not cause cervical cancer or genital warts.
Unfortunately, having genital warts can be difficult to disclose to new sexual partners. In addition, the genital warts healing process is time-consuming. It also often takes many courses of treatment to remove entirely.
Genital Warts Symptoms
Genital warts are generally painless but can be associated with the following symptoms:
- Genital itching
- Discomfort or irritation
- Mild bleeding
- Burning sensation
Genital Warts and HPV
HPV is common in the general population. Approximately 79 million Americans are infected with HPV. The majority of those infected are in their late teens and early twenties.
HPV is the most common STI. There are over 100 strains of HPV. Most are harmless and will go away without any medical intervention. But unfortunately, there are over 40 strains that can cause serious sexual side effects.
While HPV is often closely associated with cervical cancer, it is not only cancer that HPV can be responsible for. HPV can also cause vulva, vagina, penile, anal and oropharyngeal cancer (cancer in the back of the throat).
Other strains do not cause cancer. Instead, they can become highly contagious genital and anal warts.
How is HPV Spread?
HPV is a sexually transmitted infection that is spread through skin-to-skin contact. Unlike other STIs, HPV does not spread through body fluids and does not require penetrative sex to be spread.
HPV is commonly spread through vaginal and anal sex but can also be spread through oral sex. This transmission can occur if you are performing oral sex on someone who has HPV on their genitals or if someone performs oral sex on you and has HPV in their throat.
The transfer takes place when an uninfected person’s skin or mucous membrane (mouth, vagina) gets touched by or exposed to an infected person’s skin or mucous membrane.
You can be infected even if your partner is not showing any symptoms. In some cases, it can take months or even years for any genital warts to appear.
Risk Factors for Contracting Genital Warts
Any sexually active person can contract genital warts. However, research shows that certain lifestyles may pose a more significant risk. The following factors may increase your chances of contracting genital warts:
- Your mother had HPV at the time you were born
- Under 30 years old
- Your immune system is compromised due to a health condition or organ transplant
- You are a smoker
- Sexual abuse as a child
There are also risk factors that apply to any STI, including:
- You have multiple male partners
- Being diagnosed with any other sexually transmitted disease or infection
- You are a male who has sex with males
- Becoming sexually active at a young age
- You have multiple male partners who have high-risk factors (becoming sexually active at an early age and having multiple male partners)
How are Genital Warts Diagnosed?
Genital warts are diagnosed through a physical exam by your healthcare practitioner. Your doctor may also ask questions about your sexual history, including how many times you have had sexual encounters, including oral sex, without a condom or dental dam.
Genital warts in women can appear on the pubis, vulva or vagina. Genital warts on the vagina are visible, but your doctor will likely need to do a pelvic exam as genital warts often grow inside of the vagina as well.
Your doctor may apply a mildly acidic solution which can help make warts easier to see and diagnose.
Your doctor may also do a pap test. A Pap test is done when a doctor inserts a speculum into your vagina to help them visualise your cervix. They will then insert a cyto-broom or a cytobrush and plastic spatula to get a few cells from your cervix to test for abnormalities.
HPV can also cause cancer of the cervix. The strain that causes genital warts is considered low risk, although it is possible you could also have a high-risk strain. If you have an abnormal pap that is also +HPV, you will likely need additional evaluation with colposcopy and possible biopsies. If your pap is normal but +HPV, you will need to repeat the pap with HPV, otherwise known as co-testing, in a year.
How are Genital Warts Treated?
While visible genital warts often go away on their own over time, the HPV virus lingers in your skin cells. This means that you can experience several ‘outbreaks’ throughout your lifetime. Unfortunately, it also means you can spread HPV to a partner even if you don’t have any visible symptoms.
It is vital to seek medical advice from a doctor to treat your anogenital warts. Over-the-counter wart treatments designed for the hands or feet do not replace genital warts medications. It is also not recommended to try natural remedies for HPV. Several formulations are available in creams for genital and anal warts but are not always effective.
Treatment for genital warts will vary depending on the location and severity of the outbreak. Some prescription topical genital warts treatment options include:
Imiquimod (Aldara)
This medication is a topical cream that is applied directly to the affected area. The immune system is prompted to target the virus and infected cells. Imiquimod is typically used three times a week for up to 16 weeks. It can cause some redness, swelling, and irritation at the application site, but it is generally well-tolerated. Imiquimod is not recommended for use during pregnancy.
Podophyllin and podofilox (Condylox)
These medications are topical gels that are applied directly to the affected area. They work by destroying the wart tissue. A healthcare provider uses Podophyllin, while podofilox can be applied at home. These medications are typically applied every other day for up to four weeks. They can cause burning, itching, and redness at the application site and should not be used during pregnancy.
Trichloroacetic acid, or TCA
Trichloroacetic acid, or TCA, is a chemical solution commonly used to treat genital warts. TCA works by chemically burning the infected cells, causing them to die and eventually fall off. It is typically applied by a healthcare provider to the affected area using a wooden applicator or cotton swab.
TCA is generally safe and effective when used as directed. However, it can cause burning, stinging, and pain at the application site. TCA may also cause scarring, mainly if applied to large or deep warts. It is crucial to follow the directions given by professional healthcare care and to stay away from using TCA to open wounds or skin that has been broken.
TCA is typically applied in a healthcare provider’s office and may require multiple treatments. It can take several weeks for the warts to disappear entirely after treatment. Regular follow-ups with healthcare providers are essential to ensure that warts do not return or progress to cancerous lesions.
Sinecatechins (Veregen)
A topical cream containing sinecatechins called Veregen treats perianal and vaginal warts. Sinecatechins are a variety of chemicals derived from green tea extract that boost the immune system’s ability to combat the HPV virus and infected cells.
Sinecatechins are typically applied to the affected area thrice a day for up to 16 weeks or until warts have cleared. The ointment should be applied using clean hands and gently rubbed into the affected area until it is no longer visible.
Sinecatechins are often well tolerated when applied but might have unwanted effects like redness, irritation, and burning. Sinecatechins should be avoided during pregnancy and used cautiously in those with compromised immune systems.
Regular follow-ups are essential to ensure warts do not return or progress to cancerous lesions. Sinecatechins may not eliminate the virus and may require multiple treatments.
Cryotherapy
In some cases, warts may need to be frozen off using cryotherapy. This is usually a treatment path for small areas where warts have become bothersome. Freezing is not traditionally used when warts have become widespread. However, cryotherapy can effectively remove anal warts(also known as anal condyloma) and genital warts.
Cryotherapy is done using liquid nitrogen to freeze anogenital warts. The liquid nitrogen is applied to and around warts which freezes them. They are then allowed to thaw. This process is usually done in the doctor’s office or clinic. In some cases, the process must be repeated several times to remove warts. This is often the case when warts are located in the anus or urethra. The procedure can also be done to remove genital skin tags and vaginal skin tags.
During this process, it is normal to experience a mild to moderate burning sensation.
Electrocautery
An electrical current is used during electrocautery to burn or destroy tissue. The use of electrocautery in treating genital warts allows for the burning off of warts using a heated needle or probe. When the heated needle or probe treats the wart, it burns and eventually comes out due to the electrical current. It could demand local anesthesia. More prominent warts may respond well to it, but scarring or other adverse effects can occur.
Surgical excision
Visible warts can be removed surgically. The technique could entail using a knife to chop warts off or a specialized instrument to scrape them off. A healthcare professional typically administers this procedure, which can demand local anesthesia. More prominent or difficult-to-treat warts may benefit from surgical removal, although there is a chance of scarring or other adverse side effects. It’s crucial to follow up with medical professionals frequently to ensure that warts don’t come back or develop into malignant lesions.
Laser treatments
Laser treatments are a medical procedure that uses a focused beam of light to destroy tissue. The laser is applied to the wart, causing it to burn and eventually fall off. A healthcare provider typically performs this treatment and may require local anesthesia. Laser treatments can be effective for warts that are hard to reach or those that have not responded to other treatments. However, laser treatments may be more expensive than other treatment options and can cause scarring or other side effects. Regular follow-ups with healthcare providers are essential to ensure that warts do not return or progress to cancerous lesions.
Recovery
Recovery from cryotherapy is usually about 1 to 3 weeks. Recovery time will vary depending on the location of the HPV wart removal and the number of warts. During healing, you may experience:
- Swelling
- Shedding of dead tissue
- Sores or blisters in the area
- Mild pain, soreness and irritation
External Genital Wart Removal
During your recovery, it is crucial to look for signs of infection. Report to your doctor immediately if you notice the following:
- Persistent pain
- Fever
- Continued Bleeding
- Foul-smelling discharge that may be yellow
- Avoid sexual intercourse until the treated area heals, and the soreness is gone
Healing Tips for Vaginal or Cervical Warts
- Avoid sexual intercourse until fully healed (between 1 and 3 weeks)
- Do not use tampons until healed
- A watery discharge may occur during the healing
Healing Tips for Genital Warts on the Penis, Scrotum or in the Urethra
- Avoid intercourse until the area is healed and no longer sore.
In some cases, other methods may be used to remove warts surgically, such as:
- electrocautery, or burning warts with electric currents
- laser treatments
- excision, or cutting off warts
- injections of the drug interferon
How Long Does HPV Last?
Genital warts are only a symptom of HPV. So while they may be treated, it is also possible for them to come back again and again. Fortunately, research has shown that this usually only occurs in about 10 to 20% of HPV infections.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 90 percent of HPV infections clear within two years.
Some factors can increase your chances of a persistent HPV infection. These include smoking, alcohol use, a compromised immune system and unprotected sex.
Protect Your Partner from Genital Warts
It is possible to spread HPV to your partner even if you do not have any genital warts present. The virus will often continue to live in your skin even between outbreaks. Some people will only get one episode of genital warts, and others will have several outbreaks over months or even years.
It is also possible that a new outbreak could be the result of a new HPV infection.
Reduce the Risk
It is vital to protect any sexual partner you have from contracting HPV. Latex condoms help to minimise the risk but cannot offer full protection. So as well as practising safer penetrative sex, it is important to protect yourself during oral sex by using a condom or dental dam.
Another way to protect yourself and your partner is to vaccinate against HPV. There are two HPV vaccines on the market, Gardasil and Gardasil 9. These vaccines offer protection against the most common HPV strains that cause genital warts and can also protect against strains of HPV that are linked to cervical cancer.
Lower your Risk of HPV
HPV vaccinations are ideally given to male and female children before they become sexually active. It is usually administered at age 11 or 12 but can be given as young as 9. When given to a pre-teen, the vaccine is administered as two injections, six months apart.
When started at age 15 or older, the individual will need three doses of the vaccine. If you are considered to have a weakened immune system, you will need three doses regardless of your age.
It is suggested that women get vaccinated up to age 27 and men up to 22. However, transgender males can get vaccinated up to age 27 and males who have sex with males or have conditions causing a weakened immune system.
Those who already have the HPV virus may still benefit from receiving the vaccine as it may offer protection against other strains of the HPV virus. However, getting the HPV vaccine will not treat any current HPV infections.
Related: Everything you need to know about oral chlamydia
Genital Warts Vs Skin Tags
Warts usually present as flat genital warts or slightly raised bumps on the surface of your skin. They appear in the genital region. They can be flesh-coloured or a close variation of your skin colour, but the colour of genital warts may shift over time. Genital warts may disappear over time and can appear on another spot. They usually have a cauliflower shape. They can present as a single bump or grow in small clusters. You can experience itching and bleeding from a genital wart.
Skin tags are soft tissue flesh-coloured growths which can bend easily. They are ubiquitous and can develop on your neck or between skin folds. They usually have stalks off the surface of your skin. They can also appear on the groin or genital region and may sometimes commonly be referred to as non-std warts.
Due to a similar presentation, these conditions are likely to be confused, and it is best to consult a doctor for medical advice.
When to Consult a Doctor
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FAQs About Genital Warts Answered by Your Doctors Online Team
Genital warts are soft growths, bumps or skin changes in the genital region. They usually resemble cauliflower. While often growing in small clumps, genital warts can also be a single bump. They can also only grow inside the body.
Genital warts are mostly painless. Although, they cause mild discomfort, pain, itching, or bleeding, mainly due to irritation due to friction.
Yes, genital warts are highly contagious. Once you have the HPV virus, you can transmit the infection regardless of whether you have the symptoms.
Genital warts usually do not cause pain but can be associated with itching.
Genital warts do not cause pain but can lead to mild discomfort or bleeding due to friction or irritation caused by coming in contact with clothing or fabric.
Treatment for genital warts will vary depending on the location and severity of the outbreak. Some prescription topical genital warts are available over the counter, but it is essential to seek medical advice from your doctor to treat your genital warts. It is also not recommended to try natural remedies for HPV.
There is currently no cure for HPV, but your body can fight the virus over time.
Although genital warts can be removed by several methods used to remove warts, you’ll still have the HPV virus that causes them so they can reappear.
Electrocautery, freezing with liquid nitrogen (cryotherapy), surgical excision or laser treatments are some procedures used to remove warts. Although, since the HPV virus stays in the body, warts can also recur.
The duration of genital warts can vary from person to person. It depends on the immune system of an individual. For some, warts clear within a few months, but even if warts go away, they can recur as HPV is still present in the body.
Patients can engage in safe sexual behaviour, strengthen their immune systems, quit smoking, practice good hygiene, and become immunized to lower their risk of developing genital warts. These actions could assist in reducing the risk of genital wart-causing HPV infection. It’s imperative to stress that there is no surefire strategy to ward off genital warts. Therefore routine check-ups with medical professionals are essential. Early detection and intervention can lessen the likelihood of problems and infection transmission.
Genital warts cannot be instantly cured. However, treatment can assist in getting rid of them and lower the chance of problems. The infected area can be treated with topical drugs, including imiquimod or podofilox, and warts can be removed using electrocautery or cryotherapy by destroying the surrounding tissue. The warts may need to be surgically removed in some circumstances. It’s crucial to remember that a healthcare professional should give these therapies and that the virus cannot be entirely eradicated. Additionally, it’s critical to have regular check-ups with medical professionals to make sure warts don’t come back or develop into cancerous lesions.
Although some people may not have symptoms, HPV infections can result in genital warts. The genitals, anus, or surrounding skin may develop these as tiny, raised lumps or groups of bumps. Seek evaluation if you think you might have genital warts or HPV. Your doctor might examine you physically and suggest an HPV test. In some situations, HPV infections can result in cancer. Thus early detection and treatment are essential. Regular check-ups with medical professionals can assist in lowering the risk of issues by helping to screen for HPV and other sexually transmitted infections.
Certain strains of the sexually transmitted infection HPV, the leading cause of genital warts, are prevalent. Genital warts are extremely unlikely to develop without an STI. Through vertical transmission from a mother who has an HPV infection during delivery, infants can acquire genital warts. Additionally, some HPV strains can result in warts on different body parts, like the hands and feet. Genital warts can occasionally develop without sexual contact. However, this is uncommon. Safe sexual behaviour, vaccination, and routine check-ups with medical professionals can all aid in preventing and spotting genital warts and HPV infections.
