If you’ve recently had a baby and are struggling emotionally, you may have come across two different terms: postnatal depression and postpartum depression. It’s common to wonder whether they mean different conditions, or if one is more serious than the other.
The short answer?
In most medical and psychological contexts, postnatal depression and postpartum depression refer to the same condition.
The difference is mainly linguistic and regional, not clinical.
Let’s break it down clearly.
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What is Postpartum (Postnatal) Depression?
Postpartum depression (PPD) is a type of Major Depressive Disorder that develops after childbirth, and it is classified as Major Depressive Disorder with the Peripartum Onset Specifier, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR). The term “peripartum onset” has been used in the DSM-5-TR because it includes episodes of depression that develop either during pregnancy or within 4 weeks of delivery. However, in practice, many professionals believe that depression that develops within 1 year of the delivery falls within the postpartum period.
In the United States, the term “postpartum depression” is the most common term used to describe the condition, while in the United Kingdom and other areas, postnatal depression is preferred. However, both terms refer to the same condition.
Why Two Different Terms?
Two terms exist, both postpartum and postnatal, simply because people use two different words.
Postpartum means “after childbirth”; it derives directly from Latin, whereas postnatal means “after birth” (in general), both preparation-wise and health-care-wise (e.g., health-care information).
For example, when comparing the UK’s healthcare system to the US’, one will see that the UK refers to “postnatal depression,” while the US refers to “postpartum depression.”
These two usages share a common meaning (depression resulting from either childbirth or delivery).
Symptoms of Postpartum/Postnatal Depression
Postpartum depression is not the same as the “baby blues.” Baby blues affects most mothers (70-80%) but usually resolves in about two weeks. Postpartum depression has more intense symptoms and may last longer.
These symptoms include:
- Feelings of sadness and/or depression that do not go away
- Loss of interest in things you previously enjoyed(do not like doing anymore)
- Feelings of guilt, shame, worthlessness, or inadequacy if you can’t care for your baby
- Trouble forming an attachment/ bond to your baby
- Irritability or anger
- Sleeping problems (beyond those caused by taking care of your new baby)
- Changes in your appetite
- Fatigue or low energy
- Feelings of panic and/or anxiety
- Thoughts about harming yourself or your baby
The majority of women with postpartum or postnatal depression will have symptoms for more than 2 weeks and/or have symptoms that impact their ability to function normally.
Keep in mind that postpartum depression is a spectrum, and some people have mild symptoms; some have more severe symptoms. In extremely rare cases, some people may develop a more severe form of postpartum depression known as postpartum psychosis and need immediate assistance from a medical professional.
What are the Causes of Postpartum (Postnatal) Depression?
There is not one cause of postpartum depression; rather, there are multiple factors that can lead to postpartum depression: biological, psychological, and social.
1. Hormonal Changes
After childbirth, women experience significant decreases in both estrogen and progesterone levels. These changes in hormones affect how well the body regulates mood.
2. Psychological Factors
Women with the following factors may be at increased risk for developing postpartum depression:
- Women with a history of depression/anxiety
- Women with a previous history of postpartum depression
- Women with high levels of stress
- Women with a strong sense of perfectionism
- Women with low self-esteem
3. Social and Environmental Stress Factors
External stress has a massive effect on postpartum mental health. Some external factors that contribute to postpartum mental health issues include:
- Insufficient social support
- Problems within relationships
- Stress resulting from finances
- Lack of sleep
- Complicated pregnancies or complicated deliveries
The impact of disrupted sleep on mood vulnerability alone is enough to greatly increase mood vulnerability.
Postpartum/Postnatal Depression vs. Baby Blues
It’s important not to confuse postpartum depression with the baby blues.
| Baby Blues | Postpartum/Postnatal Depression |
| Begins a few days after birth | Can begin during pregnancy or after birth |
| Lasts up to 2 weeks | Lasts longer than 2 weeks |
| Mild mood swings | Persistent sadness or hopelessness |
| Does not impair functioning | Interferes with daily life |
How Frequently Does This Occur?
It is estimated that 1 in 7 women will develop postpartum depression, but estimates may vary based on the method of screening and cultural variables.
The following are also affected by postpartum depression:
- Men and non-birthing partners
- Adoptive parents
- Individuals after a miscarriage or stillbirth
Although the hormonal shifts caused by giving birth are only experienced by the birthing parent, both blood partners and non-birthing partners may experience psychological and environmental stress.
When does Postpartum Depression first emerge?
The DSM-5-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders states that the onset of this condition falls under four weeks post-partum (PP). Nevertheless, providers understand that patients may present with the following complaints:
• History of depression during pregnancy (antenatal depressive disorder)
• Within the first few months of birth
• Anytime within 12 months of giving birth (PP)
This reflects the way many providers in the field have seen their patients present over time.
How Is It Treated?
Postpartum/ Postnatal depression is a treatable condition.
Treatment options that can be utilized are:
1. Psychotherapeutic interventions
Evidence-based psychotherapeutic interventions include:
• Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)
• Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)
Note: IPT has been found to be particularly beneficial for women suffering from postpartum depression due to the role transition and increased level of relationship stress associated with motherhood.
2. Pharmacologic Interventions
In more moderate to severe cases, a provider may choose to utilize an antidepressant medication. Most antidepressants have been determined to be compatible with breastfeeding mothers; however, the specific medication decision should be made between the provider and the mother.
3. Social Support
Family and social support through support groups, increased involvement from family members, or extra assistance with childcare may improve the return to optimal function and improve recovery. Optimal recovery for both mother and child is dependent on the ability to access effective interventions as early as possible.
Reducing Stigma
Shame can be associated with struggling after childbirth for many parents. The expectation of feelings of gratitude, happiness, and fulfillment can lead to guilt when reality falls short.
Postpartum depression is not a sign of weakness; it doesn’t indicate a parent has failed; it is a psychological and medical issue that is impacted by biological and environmental elements.
Reaching out for help and support indicates strength, not inadequacy.
Final Thoughts
The terminology postpartum and postnatal depression refer to the same illness and differentiate only within a region, not with the diagnosis.
The most important part is early identification of symptoms so the individual can reach out for assistance. With appropriate support, there is a high likelihood of recovery and returning to emotional security and confidence as a parent.
For someone experiencing thoughts of self-harm or harm to the baby, immediate contact with medical professionals at a hospital or clinic is essential.
